Cardamine corymbosa – April 21st 2025 – New Zealand Bittercress

This tiny species continues to inhabit the crazy paving of my back garden in Edinburgh. I first saw it in Ayrshire in 2022 growing as a garden weed. This article is an update of the blog I wrote at the time. The plant looks much like other Bittercresses and can be mistaken for them. Although it is an alien (from New Zealand) it doesn’t seem to be invasive, and I’m happy to see its whiter-than-white flowers every Spring.

It belongs to the Brassicaceae, the cabbage family, a family of 4-petalled flowers. But the peculiar feature of the species is that the number of petals is often less: it may have one, two, three or four petals. Sometimes, I’ve read, it has no petals at all. The variable number can be on one single plant. This is most unusual. It seems to be lacking in energy to always make the standard number.

Once it flowers, it cannot easily be confused with other bittercresses. The two common bittercresses in the British Isles are Cardamine hirsuta (Hairy Bittercress) and Cardamine flexuosa (Wavy Bittercress). These can be quite hard to tell apart and they are among the most common species you see in towns and cities. They can be very small, but not usually as small as C. corymbosa. The Hairy and the Wavy have multiple flowers on quite stiff erect stalks but C. corymbosa has single flowers on filamentous stalks that arise from the base of the plant and tend to flop sidewards.

Despite almost-daily trampling, growing in the mortar of my crazy paving we see C. corymbosa with dandelion (Taraxacum) , Procumbent Pearlwort (Sagina procumbens) and Annual Meadow Grass (Poa annua). Image: John Grace

Although small in stature, C. corymbosa has flowers that are somewhat larger than C. hirsuta and C. flexuosa, and they are pure white and held in a way that attracts attention, with only one flower on each flower-stalk. Formerly it was called Cardamine uniflora, indicating the solitary flower. It seems strange that it is now called C. corymbosa as it doesn’t usually have a corymb (a flat-topped cluster of flowers), but see below for the possible explanation.

Braithwaite (1991) shows a good line drawing of the species. He remarks on the tendency to produce stolons from the leaf-tips. I haven’t seen this in the few specimens I’ve observed: perhaps they come later in the year, after flowering. You can find his account in the archive of the BSBI here: https://archive.bsbi.org.uk/BSBINews58.pdf

The earliest record in Scotland appears to be from the Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, where Ron McBeath saw it in 1975. We suspect it is now common in people’s Edinburgh gardens but not yet noticed (Noltie 2021). Aliens often appear first at Botanic Gardens where visitors traipse. We have several alien species coming from New Zealand, but nowhere near as many as they have of our British species. New Zealand has a similar climate to ours, and somewhat similar land uses, but most importantly people are frequently coming and going to New Zealand to visit relatives. Seeds often travel on footwear, and I recall the immigration procedure at NZ airports: my boots were taken away for steam cleaning and returned a few minutes later looking fresh.

Stace and Crawley (2015) say “…has become common in plant nurseries, and hence gardens, especially between bricks and stones”.

Distribution of New Zealand Bittercress in Britain and Ireland, showing a substantial advance from 2009, and many new observations in East Ireland (especially around Wexford) and North-east Scotland. From BSBI/Maps.

The species was first described by Joseph Dalton Hooker. He was the young botanist on the Antarctic voyage of the H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the years 1839-1843. The expedition confirmed the existence of Antarctica and found the southern magnetic pole. They called at various places during the voyage, including New Zealand. Hooker called the little plant Cardamine hirsuta var. corymbosa, thinking it to be a form of the familiar Hairy Bittercress. It is possible that his specimen had corymbs, as the plant is very variable in New Zealand. Cardamine uniflora is a later and quite appropriate name but the botanical rule of historical precedence applies – we must name the plant C. corymbosa following the older name given by young Hooker.

Globally, the species is now in three continents.

Now, it is scattered throughout the British Islands. It may be much more common than the maps below suggests, as it only recently entered handbooks and floras, and people will have thought it to be a form of Cardamine hirsuta, just as Hooker did.

References

Braithwaite M (1991). The Scottish Cabbage Patch. New Zealand Binercress. BS81 News 58:
38-19

Groom QJ, Ronse A and Hoste I (2011). The reasons for exotic plant invasions: and why botanic gardens are particularly vulnerable. BGJournal,8, 18-22.

Hooker JD (1844–1859) Flora Antarctica: the botany of the Antarctic voyage. 3 vols, 1844 (general), 1853 (New Zealand), 1859 (Tasmania). Reeve, London.

Noltie H (2021) Shock! Horror! Alien invader reaches genteel Moray Place. https://stories.rbge.org.uk/archives/35217

Post, A. R., J. C. Neal, A. Krings, B. R. Sosinski, and Q. Xiang. (2009) New Zealand Bittercress (Cardamine corymbosa; Brassicaceae): New to the United States. Weed Technology 23, 604-607.

Stace CA and Crawley MJ (2015). Alien Plants. Collins.

©John Grace